![]() ![]() A schematic overview of the pertinent mechanisms discussed in this chapter is presented in Figure 5.1. Literature citations for this section’s discussion appear in subsequent sections of this chapter, as appropriate. This chapter examines the mechanisms by which cigarette smoking induces cancer. In addition, the report found that evidence suggests a causal relationship between smoking and colorectal and liver cancers. ![]() Department of Health and Human Services 2004), concluded that the evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between smoking and cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, cervix, and stomach, and acute myeloid leukemia. The 2004 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General ( U.S. ![]()
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